Revision 4
#51660
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For Research Use Only. Not for Use in Diagnostic Procedures.
Applications:
IF-IC, Dot Blot
Reactivity:
All
Sensitivity:
Endogenous
Source/Isotype:
Mouse IgG1
Product Usage Information
| Application | Dilution |
|---|---|
| Immunofluorescence (Immunocytochemistry) | 1:400 |
| DNA Dot Blot | 1:1000 |
Storage
Specificity/Sensitivity
5-Hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) (HMC31) Mouse mAb recognizes endogenous levels of 5-hmC; however many cells and tissues contain very low levels of 5-hmC that may fall below the detection limits of this antibody. This antibody has been validated using ELISA, dot blot, and MeDIP assays and shows high specificity for 5-hmC.
Source / Purification
Monoclonal antibody is produced by immunizing animals with 5-hydroxymethylcytidine.
Background
Methylation of DNA at cytosine residues is a heritable, epigenetic modification that is critical for proper regulation of gene expression, genomic imprinting, and mammalian development (1,2). 5-methylcytosine is a repressive epigenetic mark established de novo by two enzymes, DNMT3a and DNMT3b, and is maintained by DNMT1 (3, 4). 5-methylcytosine was originally thought to be passively depleted during DNA replication. However, subsequent studies have shown that Ten-Eleven Translocation (TET) proteins TET1, TET2, and TET3 can catalyze the oxidation of methylated cytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) (5). Additionally, TET proteins can further oxidize 5-hmC to form 5-formylcytosine (5-fC) and 5-carboxylcytosine (5-caC), both of which are excised by thymine-DNA glycosylase (TDG), effectively linking cytosine oxidation to the base excision repair pathway and supporting active cytosine demethylation (6,7).
TET protein-mediated cytosine hydroxymethylation was initially demonstrated in mouse brain and embryonic stem cells (5, 8). Since then this modification has been discovered in many tissues, with the highest levels found in the brain (9). While 5-fC and 5-caC appear to be short-lived intermediate species, there is mounting evidence showing that 5-hmC is a distinct epigenetic mark with various unique functions (10,11). The modified base itself is stable in vivo and interacts with various readers including MeCP2 (11,12). The global level of 5-hmC increases during brain development and 5-hmC is enriched at promoter regions and poised enhancers. Furthermore, there is an inverse correlation between levels of 5-hmC and histone H3K9 and H3K27 trimethylation, suggesting a role for 5-hmC in gene activation (12). Lower amounts of 5-hmC have been reported in various cancers including myeloid leukemia and melanoma (13,14).
Background References
- Hermann, A. et al. (2004) Cell Mol Life Sci 61, 2571-87.
- Turek-Plewa, J. and Jagodziński, P.P. (2005) Cell Mol Biol Lett 10, 631-47.
- Okano, M. et al. (1999) Cell 99, 247-57.
- Li, E. et al. (1992) Cell 69, 915-26.
- Tahiliani, M. et al. (2009) Science 324, 930-5.
- He, Y.F. et al. (2011) Science 333, 1303-7.
- Ito, S. et al. (2011) Science 333, 1300-3.
- Kriaucionis, S. and Heintz, N. (2009) Science 324, 929-30.
- Globisch, D. et al. (2010) PLoS One 5, e15367.
- Gao, Y. et al. (2013) Cell Stem Cell 12, 453-69.
- Mellén, M. et al. (2012) Cell 151, 1417-30.
- Wen, L. et al. (2014) Genome Biol 15, R49.
- Delhommeau, F. et al. (2009) N Engl J Med 360, 2289-301.
- Lian, C.G. et al. (2012) Cell 150, 1135-46.
Species Reactivity
Species reactivity is determined by testing in at least one approved application (e.g., western blot).
Applications Key
IF-IC: Immunofluorescence (Immunocytochemistry) Dot Blot: DNA Dot Blot
Cross-Reactivity Key
H: Human M: Mouse R: Rat Hm: Hamster Mk: Monkey Vir: Virus Mi: Mink C: Chicken Dm: D. melanogaster X: Xenopus Z: Zebrafish B: Bovine Dg: Dog Pg: Pig Sc: S. cerevisiae Ce: C. elegans Hr: Horse GP: Guinea Pig Rab: Rabbit G: Goat All: All Species Expected
Trademarks and Patents
Cell Signaling Technology is a trademark of Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.
SimpleChIP is a registered trademark of Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.
XP is a registered trademark of Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.
All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Visit cellsignal.com/trademarks for more information.
Limited Uses
Except as otherwise expressly agreed in a writing signed by a legally authorized representative of CST, the following terms apply to Products provided by CST, its affiliates or its distributors. Any Customer's terms and conditions that are in addition to, or different from, those contained herein, unless separately accepted in writing by a legally authorized representative of CST, are rejected and are of no force or effect.
Products are labeled with For Research Use Only or a similar labeling statement and have not been approved, cleared, or licensed by the FDA or other regulatory foreign or domestic entity, for any purpose. Customer shall not use any Product for any diagnostic or therapeutic purpose, or otherwise in any manner that conflicts with its labeling statement. Products sold or licensed by CST are provided for Customer as the end-user and solely for research and development uses. Any use of Product for diagnostic, prophylactic or therapeutic purposes, or any purchase of Product for resale (alone or as a component) or other commercial purpose, requires a separate license from CST. Customer shall (a) not sell, license, loan, donate or otherwise transfer or make available any Product to any third party, whether alone or in combination with other materials, or use the Products to manufacture any commercial products, (b) not copy, modify, reverse engineer, decompile, disassemble or otherwise attempt to discover the underlying structure or technology of the Products, or use the Products for the purpose of developing any products or services that would compete with CST products or services, (c) not alter or remove from the Products any trademarks, trade names, logos, patent or copyright notices or markings, (d) use the Products solely in accordance with CST Product Terms of Sale and any applicable documentation, and (e) comply with any license, terms of service or similar agreement with respect to any third party products or services used by Customer in connection with the Products.
Revision 4
Confocal immunofluorescent analysis of 293T cells transfected with a construct expressing DDK-tagged TET1 catalytic domain (TET1-CD) using 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) (HMC31) Mouse mAb (green) and DYKDDDDK Tag Antibody #2368 (red). Blue pseudocolor = DRAQ5® #4084 (fluorescent DNA dye). As expected, 293T cells expressing TET1-CD (red) exhibit increased levels of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (green).
5-Hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) (HMC31) Mouse mAb specificity was determined by dot blot. The same sequence of a 387-base pair DNA fragment was generated by PCR using exclusively unmodified cytosine, 5-methylcytosine (5-mC), 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC), 5-carboxylcytosine (5-caC), or 5-formylcytosine (5-fC). The respective DNA fragments were blotted onto a nylon membrane, UV cross-linked, and probed with 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) (HMC31) Mouse mAb. The upper panel shows the antibody only binding to the DNA fragment containing 5-hmC, while the lower panel shows the membrane stained with methylene blue.
5-Hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) (HMC31) Mouse mAb specificity was determined by ELISA. The antibody was titrated against a single-stranded DNA oligo containing either unmodified cytosine or differentially modified cytosine (5-mC, 5-hmC, 5-caC, 5-fC). As shown in the graph, the antibody only binds to the oligo containing 5-hmC.
Revision 4
DNA immunoprecipitations were performed with 1 μg of genomic DNA from mouse embryonic stem cells and either 10 μl of 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) (HMC31) Mouse mAb or 10 μl of Mouse (G3A1) mAb IgG1 Isotype Control (DIP Formulated). The enriched DNA was quantified by real-time PCR using mouse Aqp2 exon 1 primers, SimpleDIP™ Mouse Intracisternal-A Particle (IAP) LTR Primers, mouse Lamc3 exon 1 primers, and SimpleChIP® Mouse GAPDH Intron 2 Primers #8986. The amount of immunoprecipitated DNA in each sample is represented as signal relative to the total amount of input DNA, which is equivalent to one.
5-Hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) (HMC31) Mouse mAb specificity was determined by DNA immunoprecipitation. DNA IPs were performed with genomic DNA prepared from mouse embryonic stem cells, spiked with DNA containing either unmethylated cytosine, 5-methylcytosine (5-mC), or 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC). The enriched DNA was quantified by real-time PCR using primers specific to the spiked-in control DNA sequence. The amount of immunoprecipitated DNA in each sample is represented as signal relative to the total amount of input DNA, which is equivalent to one.
