Double Strand Breaks (DSB) Repair Antibody Sampler Kit #9653
Product Information
Kit Usage Information
Protocols
- 2180: Western Blotting, Immunoprecipitation (Agarose), Immunohistochemistry (Paraffin), Immunofluorescence
- 2854: Western Blotting, Immunoprecipitation (Magnetic)
- 2873: Western Blotting
- 3001: Western Blotting
- 3427: Western Blotting
- 4602: Western Blotting
- 4847: Western Blotting, Immunoprecipitation (Magnetic), Immunohistochemistry (Paraffin)
- 7074: Western Blotting
- 9009: Western Blotting
- 13050: Western Blotting
Product Description
Specificity / Sensitivity
Each antibody in the Double Strand Breaks (DSB) Repair Antibody Sampler Kit detects endogenous levels of its respective protein and does not cross-react with other family members. Activation state antibodies only detect their target proteins when modified at the indicated site.
Source / Purification
Monoclonal antibodies are produced by immunizing animals with synthetic peptides corresponding to residues surrounding Lys496 of human Mre11A and the carboxy terminus of human Ku80. Activation state monoclonal antibody is produced by immunizing animals with a synthetic phosphopeptide corresponding to residues surrounding Ser1981 of human ATM. ATM (D2E2) Rabbit mAb is produced by immunizing animals with recombinant human ATM. Polyclonal antibodies are produced by immunizing animals with synthetic peptides corresponding to the carboxy-terminus of human DNA-PKcs, the amino terminus of human Rad50, and the carboxy terminus of human XLF. Activation state polyclonal antibodies are produced by immunizing animals with synthetic phosphopeptides corresponding to residues surrounding Ser1524 of human BRCA1 and surrounding Ser343 of human p95/NBS1. Polyclonal antibodies are purified by protein A and peptide affinity chromatography.
Background
Double strand DNA breaks (DSB) in mammalian cells can be repaired by the related mechanisms of non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR). A DNA-dependent protein kinase composed of DNA-binding subunits Ku70 and Ku86 and the DNA-PKcs catalytic subunit mediates NHEJ repair. The Ku heterodimer binds free DNA ends and recruits DNA-PKcs to the break (1). DNA-PKcs signals areas of DNA damage and recruits additional proteins, such as the Artemis exo- and endonuclease that processes and primes the damaged sequence (2,3). Following replacement DNA synthesis, a ligase complex composed of DNA ligase IV and XRCC4 joins the repaired ends. XRCC4-like factor (XLF) is an essential ligase-associated repair factor that promotes gap-filling during NHEJ (4). Homologous recombination utilizes aligned homologous sequences as a repair template. The MRN complex, composed of Mre11, Rad50, and nibrin (p95/NBS1), plays a critical role in sensing, processing and repairing breaks (5). MRN interacts with BRCA1 and CtIP to facilitate 5’ resection of DSB DNA to generate 3’ ssDNA ends necessary for repair (6). DNA-binding protein Mre11 exhibits exonuclease and endonuclease activity and is largely responsible for ssDNA end processing (7). Interaction between the MRN complex and ATM kinase promotes association between the kinase and its substrates and likely leads to ATM activation (8). ATM acts a central controller of the cell cycle checkpoint by phosphorylating multiple targets, including c-Abl, BRCA1 and p95/NSB1. Activated c-Abl phosphorylates Rad52, which promotes Rad51 binding to ssDNA and subsequent annealing of ssDNA (7).
- Gottlieb, T.M. and Jackson, S.P. (1993) Cell 72, 131-42.
- Franco, S. et al. (2008) J Exp Med 205, 557-64.
- Collis, S.J. et al. (2005) Oncogene 24, 949-61.
- Akopiants, K. et al. (2009) Nucleic Acids Res 37, 4055-62.
- Williams, R.S. et al. (2007) Biochem Cell Biol 85, 509-20.
- Chen, L. et al. (2008) J Biol Chem 283, 7713-20.
- Czornak, K. et al. (2008) J Appl Genet 49, 383-96.
- Lee, J.H. and Paull, T.T. (2007) Oncogene 26, 7741-8.
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