Complement C3 (E4D2Z) Rabbit mAb #72914

Complement is a collection of soluble proteins secreted in the blood and other body fluids (1). As part of the innate immune system, complement proteins are involved in the clearance of pathogens and damaged cells in a process called opsonization, which results in the coating of a pathogen with antibodies and/or complement proteins to facilitate phagocytosis of debris or foreign pathogens. Complements are activated by a cascade of cleavage reactions, triggered initially by pattern recognition receptor-mediated detection of pathogens/debris. The cascade of cleavage-mediated products activates three distinct effector pathways, including inflammation, phagocytosis, and membrane attack, that represent a coordinated defense of the host organism. Several complement proteins are encoded in the mammalian genome, designated by the capital letter "C" followed by a number, in order by their discovery. Many complement cascades converge on C3, encoded by the C3 gene, by activating C3 convertase. The C3 gene generates a C3 polypeptide protein, composed of an α-subunit and a β-subunit linked by disulfide bonds. Activation of C3 convertase cleaves the C3 α-subunit to generate C3a, which acts as an anaphylatoxin to mediate the local inflammatory response. In addition to C3a, C3 convertase-mediated cleavage of C3 generates C3b. C3b has multiple functions and is a major effector molecule of the complement system. C3b binds to microbial surfaces to enable phagocytosis by phagocytic cells carrying the C3 receptor. C3b can also be further processed by serum proteases to generate other bioactive fragments. Finally, C3b can form complexes with other complement fragments to initiate cleavage of complement family members like C5, which initiates additional innate immune responses. In addition to the innate immune response, several components of the complement system, including C3, have been implicated in brain development, as well as neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases. The complement system plays a role in microglia-dependent synapse pruning of excess synapses during development, particularly in the visual system (2). Additionally, complement-mediated synaptic pruning may also contribute to neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (3,4).