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PDP - Template Name: Antibody Sampler Kit
PDP - Template ID: *******4a3ef3a
  1. Products /
  2. Primary Antibodies /
  3. Gluconeogenesis Antibody Sampler Kit

Gluconeogenesis Antibody Sampler Kit #72624

    Product Information

    Kit Usage Information

    Protocols

    Product Description

    The Gluconeogenesis Antibody Sampler Kit provides an economical means of detecting select components involved in the gluconeogenesis metabolism pathway. The kit includes enough antibodies to perform two western blot experiments with each primary antibody.

    Specificity / Sensitivity

    Each antibody in the Gluconeogenesis Antibody Sampler Kit detects endogenous levels of its target protein. Enolase-1 Antibody does not cross-react with enolase-2. Enolase-2 (E2H9X) XP® Rabbit mAb does not cross-react with human enolase-1 protein. PGAM1 (D3J9T) Rabbit mAb may cross-react with overexpressed PGAM2 protein.

    Source / Purification

    Monoclonal antibodies are produced by immunizing animals with synthetic peptides corresponding to residues near the carboxy terminus of human enolase-2 protein, human PGAM1 protein, and human PCK1 protein, near the amino terminus of human PCK2 protein, and surrounding Val106 of human FBP1/FBPase 1 protein and Pro8 of human GPI protein.

    Polyclonal antibodies are produced by immunizing animals with synthetic peptides corresponding to residues surrounding Thr298 of human PGK1 protein, near the carboxy terminus of human pyruvate carboxylase protein, and corresponding to residues surrounding Ala76 of human enolase-1 protein. Antibodies are purified by protein A and peptide affinity chromatography. Pyruvate Carboxylase Antibody is purified by peptide affinity chromatography.




    Background

    Enolase is an important glycolytic enzyme involved in the interconversion of 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate. Mammalian enolase exists as three subunits: enolase-1 (α-enolase), enolase-2 (γ-enolase), and enolase-3 (β-enolase). Expression of the enolase isoforms differs in a tissue specific manner (1). Enolase-1 plays a key role in anaerobic metabolism under hypoxic conditions and may act as a cell surface plasminogen receptor during tissue invasion (2,3). Abnormal expression of enolase-1 is associated with tumor progression in some cases of breast and lung cancer (4-7). Alternatively, an enolase-1 splice variant (MBP-1) binds the c-myc promoter p2 and may function as a tumor suppressor. For this reason, enolase-1 is considered as a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of some forms of cancer (8). Research studies have shown elevated levels of neuron-specific enolase-2 in neuroblastoma (1) and small-cell lung cancer (9,10). Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 1 (FBP1 or FBPase 1), a rate-limiting enzyme in gluconeogenesis, catalyzes the conversion of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to fructose-6-phosphate (11). Inhibition of FBP1 expression in basal-like breast cancer (BLBC) cells leads to metabolic reprogramming, including enhanced glycolysis, which leads to increased glucose uptake, biosynthesis of macromolecules, and activation of PKM2 (11). This metabolic reprogramming endows tumor cells with cancer stem cell (CSC)-like properties, thereby increasing their tumorigenicity (11). Depletion of FBP1 was also reported in more than 600 clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) tumors, suggesting that FBP1 may inhibit ccRCC tumor progression (12). Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI) is a multi-functional protein belonging to the glucose phosphate isomerase family (13,14). As an intracellular metabolic enzyme, GPI plays a pivotal role in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis by catalyzing the interconversion of D-glucose-6-phosphate and D-fructose-6-phosphate (15). GPI is also secreted, where it functions as a cytokine (referred to as Autocrine Motility Factor, AMF), acting via the E3-ubiquitin-protein ligase AMFR/gp78 (16). In normal tissues, GPI/AMF has been shown to promote both immune cell maturation and neuronal cell survival (17,18). It is also secreted in abundance by some tumor cells (19), where it has been shown to promote tumor cell migration and metastasis (20,21). Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (PCK1, PEPCK1, or PEPCK-C) is a cytosolic enzyme responsible for the conversion of oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate (22). PCK1 and PCK2 are involved in controlling the rate-limiting step of gluconeogenesis in the liver, which generates glucose from non-carbohydrate substrates, such as lactate and glycerol (23, 24). PCK2 (PEPCK2 or PEPCK-M) encodes an isoform of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) that is found in the mitochondria of renal and hepatic tissues (22). Phosphoglycerate mutase (PGAM1) catalyzes the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate during glycolysis (25-29). Research studies have shown increased PGAM1 expression in cancer (25-28) and mental disease (29). PGK1 (phosphoglycerate kinase) is an essential enzyme in the glycolysis pathway (30). It catalyzes the reversible phospho-transfer reaction from 1,3-diphosphoglycerate to ADP to form ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate. The expression of PGK1 is upregulated in many cancer types and plays an important role in cancer cell proliferation and metastasis (31-34). Pyruvate carboxylase (PC) catalyzes the carboxylation of pyruvate to oxaloacetate to replenish TCA cycle intermediates. It is also critical in regulating gluconeogenesis in the liver (35).
    1. Pancholi, V. (2001) Cell Mol Life Sci 58, 902-20.
    2. Redlitz, A. et al. (1995) Eur J Biochem 227, 407-15.
    3. Jiang, B.H. et al. (1997) Cancer Res 57, 5328-35.
    4. Peebles, K.A. et al. (2003) Carcinogenesis 24, 651-7.
    5. Zhang, L. et al. (2000) J Surg Res 93, 108-19.
    6. Wu, W. et al. (2002) Clin Exp Metastasis 19, 319-26.
    7. Hennipman, A. et al. (1988) Tumour Biol 9, 241-8.
    8. Feo, S. et al. (2000) FEBS Lett 473, 47-52.
    9. Stern, P. et al. (2007) Tumour Biol 28, 84-92.
    10. O'Shea, P. et al. (1995) Ir J Med Sci 164, 31-6.
    11. Dong, C. et al. (2013) Cancer Cell 23, 316-31.
    12. Li, B. et al. (2014) Nature 513, 251-5.
    13. Haga, A. et al. (2000) Biochim Biophys Acta 1480, 235-44.
    14. Jeffery, C.J. et al. (2000) Biochemistry 39, 955-64.
    15. Kim, J.W. and Dang, C.V. (2005) Trends Biochem Sci 30, 142-50.
    16. Fairbank, M. et al. (2009) Mol Biosyst 5, 793-801.
    17. Gurney, M.E. et al. (1986) Science 234, 574-81.
    18. Gurney, M.E. et al. (1986) Science 234, 566-74.
    19. Lucarelli, G. et al. (2015) Medicine (Baltimore) 94, e2117.
    20. Liotta, L.A. et al. (1986) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 83, 3302-6.
    21. Funasaka, T. and Raz, A. (2007) Cancer Metastasis Rev 26, 725-35.
    22. Caton, P.W. et al. (2009) Life Sci 84, 738-44.
    23. Yoon, J.C. et al. (2001) Nature 413, 131-8.
    24. Fischer, S. et al. (2010) Biol Reprod 83, 859-65.
    25. Vander Heiden, M.G. et al. (2010) Science 329, 1492-9.
    26. Jacobowitz, D.M. et al. (2008) Microvasc Res 76, 89-93.
    27. Ren, F. et al. (2010) Mol Cancer 9, 81.
    28. Evans, M.J. et al. (2005) Nat Biotechnol 23, 1303-7.
    29. Martins-de-Souza, D. et al. (2009) BMC Psychiatry 9, 17.
    30. Beutler, E. (2007) Br J Haematol 136, 3-11.
    31. Wilson, R.B. et al. (2019) Pleura Peritoneum 4, 20190003.
    32. Yu, T. et al. (2017) Cancer Res 77, 5782-5794.
    33. Hu, H. et al. (2017) Hepatology 65, 515-528.
    34. Cao, H. et al. (2017) Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 79, 985-994.
    35. Cappel, D.A. et al. (2019) Cell Metab 29, 1291-1305.e8.

    Database Links

    UniProt ID: P09104 , P18669 , P06744 , P06733 , P00558 , Q16822 , P09467 , P11498 , P35558


    Entrez-Gene Id: 2026 , 5223 , 2821 , 2023 , 5230 , 5106 , 2203 , 5091 , 5105


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