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XML generation date: 2024-11-20 18:01:12.613
Product last modified at: 2024-09-20T07:05:33.212Z
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PDP - Template Name: Antibody Sampler Kit
PDP - Template ID: *******4a3ef3a

Microglia Neurodegeneration Module Antibody Sampler Kit #93195

    Product Information

    Product Description

    The Microglia Neurodegeneration Module Antibody Sampler Kit provides an economical means of detecting proteins identified as markers of microglial activity during neurodegeneration by western blot and/or immunofluorescence.

    Specificity / Sensitivity

    Each antibody in the Microglia Neurodegeneration Module Antibody Sampler Kit detects endogenous levels of its target protein. HS1 (D5A9) XP® Rabbit mAb (Rodent Specific) does not recognize human HS1 protein. HS1 has a calculated size of 54 kDa, but has an apparent molecular weight of 80 kDa on SDS-PAGE gels. Cathepsin B (D1C7Y) XP® Rabbit mAb recognizes endogenous levels of total cathepsin B protein and detects the heavy chain subunit of cathepsin B. Hydroxy-HIF-1α (Pro564) (D43B5) XP® Rabbit mAb detects endogenous levels of HIF-1α only when hydroxylated at Pro564 and may cross-react with other overexpressed proline hydroxylated proteins. Axl (C89E7) Rabbit mAb does not cross-react with Tyro3.

    Source / Purification

    Monoclonal antibodies are produced by immunizing animals with synthetic peptides corresponding to residues surrounding Leu310 of mouse HS1, Leu478 of human HIF-1α, the amino terminus of human Galectin-3/LGALS3, a hydroxypeptide surrounding Pro564 of human HIF-1α, and recombinant proteins specific to mouse ASC/TMS1, human Axl, human CD68, and the heavy chain subunit of human cathepsin B protein.

    MultiMab™ rabbit monoclonal mix antibodies are prepared by combining individual rabbit monoclonal clones in optimized ratios for the approved applications. This product is optimized to detect CD68 as a monomer and a dimer by western blot and was produced by immunizing animals with recombinant human CD68 protein.

    Background

    Distinct microglial activation states have been identified using RNA-seq data from a vast array of neurological disease and aging models. These activation states have been categorized into modules corresponding to proliferation, neurodegeneration, interferon-relation, LPS-relation, and many others (1). Previous work identifying markers of specific brain cell types using RNA-seq has shown HS1 and ASC/TMS1 to be useful and specific tools to study microglia (2). HS1 is a protein kinase substrate that is expressed only in tissues and cells of hematopoietic origin (3) and ASC/TMS1 has been found to be a critical component of inflammatory signaling where it associates with and activates caspase-1 in response to pro-inflammatory signals (4).
    CD68 is a common marker for macrophage lineage cells; with expression found in the lysosome making it a useful marker for activated phagocytic microglia (5). Galectin-3 has been shown to regulate inflammatory response in neurodegenerative diseases, released by microglia in response to inflammatory stimuli (6). Cathepsin B is a widely expressed cysteine peptidase located in the lysosome as well as processed and secreted, playing a role in microglial-mediated neuronal death (7). Hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1α) is a transcription factor responsible for adaptation to low oxygen environments whose downstream effects have been shown in a number of neurodegenerative diseases. Under normoxic conditions, HIF-1α is proline hydroxylated leading to ubiquitin mediated degradation (8). Axl is a receptor tyrosine kinase that binds Gas6, stimulating regulatory effects on microglial phagocytic response to inflammatory stimuli (9).
    For Research Use Only. Not For Use In Diagnostic Procedures.
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    MultiMab is a registered trademark of Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.
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